Abstract

This study systematically reviews the application of Media System Dependency (MSD) theory in crises, political communication, information disorder, and media effects. Using a PRISMA-guided approach, it examines MSD’s role in media trust, dependency patterns, and public behaviour across regions. A qualitative synthesis of literature highlights that while MSD research has expanded globally, most theoretical frameworks originate from Western contexts, even when applied to Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. Resolving this cultural and theoretical deficit is essential for improving the accurate prediction of public compliance during future crises and informing effective social governance strategies. Future research must prioritise new models focused on non-western context, long-term studies, and the analysis of AI systems. Future research should explore Easternised media theories, conduct longitudinal studies on digital media dependency, and assess AI-driven media systems. By integrating MSD with emerging technologies, this review provides a foundation for refining crisis communication and media trust strategies in a digital landscape.